Shivam Talks

 Flexible Cystoscopy f lexible cystoscopy is a type of endoscopy and is done on the cyst-urinary bladder,     The literal meaning of the term Flexible cystoscopy  So flexible cystoscopy is made up of 2 words flexible and cystoscopy  and cystoscopy is made up of 2 different words cyst and scope  So lets see the meaning of cyst and scope and flexible   Cystoscopy  here cyst is referring to the Urinary bladder Cyst  in medical terms is   a membranous sac or cavity of abnormal character in the body, containing fluid. Scope is meaning to see the inside of something with the help of a small camera attached to a thin string and SCOPY is to look into somethicg with the help of a device ,   indicating viewing, observation, or examination, typically with an instrument having a name ending in  -scope . Flexible here is reffering to a soft and very fine tube       Meaning  So all in all flexible endoscopy is an e...

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants So we have 2 types of muscle relaxants:- Those which work on the CNS ( Central ) those who work on the muscle and their NM receptors (peripheral) Central Muscle Relaxant So to use center in material relaxants we need a drug which stimulates the receptors present in the CNS and such receptors are          GABA a receptors – Diazepam      GABA b   receptors --- Baclofen      alpha 2 receptors(acts like break )- t izanidine      Another group of centrally acting muscle relaxants are those which act by inhibiting the polysynaptic reflexes examples - Mephensin ,Chlorzoxazone, thiocolchicoside   Peripheral muscle relaxants there are two types:-   directly acting and indirectly acting Directly acting :-   they directly act on the muscles d irectly acting-dantrolene :- works by blocking ryanodine receptor in endoplasmic reticulum from muscles Ryanodine receptor...

all the local anesthetics are Basic Drugs  local anesthetics cross the membrane in non ionized  for and block the Na channels in ionized  form  local anesthetics are of 2 types  Ester and Amide but the name of both type of local anesthetics end with  CAINE [ad]   mechanism of action of local anesthesia   Ester                                      Amide  cocaine                                     lignocaine procaine                                         bupivacaine chlorprocaine       ...